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Functionally significant heterozygous mutations in the Melanocortin-4 receptor ( MC4R ) have been implicated in 2.5% of early onset obesity cases in European cohorts. The role of mutations in this gene in severely obese adults, particularly in smaller North American patient cohorts, has been less convincing. More recently, it has been proposed that mutations in a phylogenetically and physiologically related receptor, the Melanocortin-3 receptor ( MC3R ), could also be a cause of severe human obesity. The objectives of this study were to determine if mutations impairing the function of MC4R or MC3R were associated with severe obesity in North American adults. We studied MC4R and MC3R mutations detected in a total of 1821 adults (889 severely obese and 932 lean controls) from two cohorts. We systematically and comparatively evaluated the functional consequences of all mutations found in both  MC4R  and  MC3R . The total prevalence of rare  MC4R  variants in severely obese North American adults was 2.25% (CI 95% : 1.44–3.47) compared with 0.64% (CI 95% : 0.26–1.43) in lean controls ( P  &lt; 0.005). After classification of functional consequence, the prevalence of MC4R mutations with functional alterations was significantly greater when compared with controls ( P  &lt; 0.005). In contrast, the prevalence of rare  MC3R  variants was not significantly increased in severely obese adults [0.67% (CI 95% : 0.27–1.50) versus 0.32% (CI 95% : 0.06–0.99)] ( P  = 0.332). Our results confirm that mutations in  MC4R  are a significant cause of severe obesity, extending this finding to North American adults. However, our data suggest that  MC3R  mutations are not associated with severe obesity in this population.

human molecular genetics

Association of functionally significant Melanocortin-4 but not Melanocortin-3 receptor mutations with severe adult obesity in a large North American case–control study