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Motility of unicellular organisms occurred early in evolution with the emergence of cilia and flagella. In vertebrates, motile cilia are required for numerous functions such as clearance of the airways and determination of left–right body asymmetry. Ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles also carry motile cilia, but their biological function has remained obscure. Here, we show that ependymal cilia generate a laminar flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the cerebral aqueduct, which we term as ‘ependymal flow’. The axonemal dynein heavy chain geneMdnah5is specifically expressed in ependymal cells, and is essential for ultrastructural and functional integrity of ependymal cilia. InMdnah5-mutant mice, lack of ependymal flow causes closure of the aqueduct and subsequent formation of triventricularhydrocephalusduring early postnatal brain development. The higher incidence of aqueduct stenosis andhydrocephalusformation in patients with ciliary defects proves the relevance of this novel mechanism in humans.

human molecular genetics

Dysfunction of axonemal dynein heavy chain Mdnah5 inhibits ependymal flow and reveals a novel mechanism for               hydrocephalus               formation