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Recent studies have reported that alleles in the premutation range in the  FMR1  gene in males result in increased  FMR1  mRNA levels and at the same time mildly reduced  FMR1  protein levels. Some elderly males with premutations exhibit an unique neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by progressive intention tremor and ataxia. We describe neurohistological, biochemical and molecular studies of the brains of mice with an expanded CGG repeat and report elevated  Fmr1  mRNA levels and intranuclear inclusions with ubiquitin, Hsp40 and the 20S catalytic core complex of the proteasome as constituents. An increase was observed of both the number and the size of the inclusions during the course of life, which correlates with the progressive character of the cerebellar tremor/ataxia syndrome in humans. The observations in expanded-repeat mice support a direct role of the  Fmr1  gene, by either CGG expansion  per se  or by mRNA level, in the formation of the inclusions and suggest a correlation between the presence of intranuclear inclusions in distinct regions of the brain and the clinical features in symptomatic premutation carriers. This mouse model will facilitate the possibilities to perform studies at the molecular level from onset of symptoms until the final stage of the disease.

The FMR1 CGG repeat mouse displays ubiquitin-positive intranuclear neuronal inclusions; implications for the cerebellar tremor/ataxia syndrome