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NFU1, a late-acting iron–sulfur (Fe–S) cluster carrier protein, has a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease, multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome. In this work, using genetic and biochemical approaches, we identified the initial scaffold protein, mitochondrial ISCU (ISCU2) and the secondary carrier, ISCA1, as the direct donors of Fe–S clusters to mitochondrial NFU1, which appears to dimerize and reductively mediate the formation of a bridging [4Fe–4S] cluster, aided by ferredoxin 2. By monitoring the abundance of target proteins that acquire their Fe–S clusters from NFU1, we characterized the effects of several novel pathogenic NFU1 mutations. We observed that NFU1 directly interacts with each of the Fe–S cluster scaffold proteins known to ligate [2Fe–2S] clusters, ISCU2 and ISCA1, and we mapped the site of interaction to a conserved hydrophobic patch of residues situated at the end of the C-terminal alpha-helix of NFU1. Furthermore, we showed that NFU1 lost its ability to acquire its Fe–S cluster when mutagenized at the identified site of interaction with ISCU2 and ISCA1, which thereby adversely affected biochemical functions of proteins that are thought to acquire their Fe–S clusters directly from NFU1, such as lipoic acid synthase, which supports the Fe–S-dependent process of lipoylation of components of multiple key enzyme complexes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and the glycine cleavage complex.

Assembly of the [4Fe–4S] cluster of NFU1 requires the coordinated donation of two [2Fe–2S] clusters from the scaffold proteins, ISCU2 and ISCA1