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The G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in  C9orf72  is the commonest cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A number of different methods have been used to generate isogenic control lines using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 and non-homologous end-joining by deleting the repeat region, with the risk of creating indels and genomic instability. In this study, we demonstrate complete correction of an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line derived from a  C9orf72 -HRE positive ALS/frontotemporal dementia patient using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and homology-directed repair (HDR), resulting in replacement of the excised region with a donor template carrying the wild-type repeat size to maintain the genetic architecture of the locus. The isogenic correction of the  C9orf72  HRE restored normal gene expression and methylation at the  C9orf72  locus, reduced intron retention in the edited lines and abolished pathological phenotypes associated with the  C9orf72  HRE expansion in iPSC-derived motor neurons (iPSMNs). RNA sequencing of the mutant line identified 2220 differentially expressed genes compared with its isogenic control. Enrichment analysis demonstrated an over-representation of ALS relevant pathways, including calcium ion dependent exocytosis, synaptic transport and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ALS pathway, as well as new targets of potential relevance to ALS pathophysiology. Complete correction of the  C9orf72  HRE in iPSMNs by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HDR provides an ideal model to study the earliest effects of the hexanucleotide expansion on cellular homeostasis and the key pathways implicated in ALS pathophysiology.

human molecular genetics

Correction of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis related phenotypes in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons carrying a hexanucleotide expansion mutation in  C9orf72  by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing using homology-directed repair