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DNA sequence analysis of 130 alleles of the HRAS1 minisatellite has demonstrated that breast cancer-associated variants arise as a consequence of both replication errors and gene conversions. Unlike mutations at other variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), high-risk variants of the HRAS1 minisatellite do not demonstrate positional polarity. Instead, most mutations occur at three hotspots, with replication errors confined to one hotspot, gene conversions to a second and a mixed pattern of mutation at the third. DNA sequence analysis of 66 low-risk a1 alleles revealed no evidence for hypermutation. Therefore, while the HRAS1 minisatellite may serve as a reporter for a broad-based group of mutational mechanisms, these results are consistent with a direct pathogenetic contribution by high-risk alleles as the biological basis underlying cancer association of this VNTR.

Distinct mutation patterns of breast cancer-associated alleles of the HRAS1 minisatellite locus