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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a 2-year cluster-randomized physical activity and dietary intervention program among 7-year-old (at baseline) elementary school participants on body composition and objectively measured cardiorespiratory fitness. Three pairs of schools were selected and matched, then randomly selected as either an intervention ( n  = 151) or control school ( n  = 170). None of the effect sizes of body composition were statistically significant. Children in the intervention group increased their fitness by an average of 0.37  z  score units more than the controls (95% CI:−0.27 to 1.01,  P  = 0.18), representing an improvement of 0.286 W/kg. Boys had higher fitness (mean diff  = 0.35  z  scores, 95% CI: 0.13–0.58,  P  = 0.001) than girls, independent of study group, fitness  z  score at baseline and body mass index. Post hoc analysis showed that the intervention school with the highest fitness  z  score change was significantly different from two of the lowest control schools (mean diff  = 0.83  z  scores, 95% CI: 0.44–1.21,  P  &lt; 0.0001 and mean diff  = 0.70  z  scores, 95% CI: 0.29–1.10,  P  = 0.01), but it was also significantly different from the lowest intervention school (mean diff  = 0.59  z  scores, 95% CI: 0.19–0.99,  P  = 0.05). The results of this intervention are inconclusive as regards to the effects on fitness, but the intervention did not have any statistically significant effect on body composition.

Limited effects of a 2-year school-based physical activity intervention on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in 7-year-old children