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Large-scale earthquake sequence simulations using the boundary element method(BEM) incur extreme computational costs through multiplying a dense matrix witha slip rate vector. Hierarchical matrices (H-matrices) have often been used toaccelerate this multiplication. However, the complexity of the structures ofthe H-matrices and the communication costs between processors limit theirscalability, and they therefore cannot be used efficiently in distributedmemory computer systems. Lattice H-matrices have recently been proposed as atool to improve the parallel scalability of H-matrices. In this study, wedeveloped a method for earthquake sequence simulations applicable to 3Dnonplanar faults with lattice H-matrices. We present a simulation example andverify the mesh convergence of our method for a 3D nonplanar thrust fault usingrectangular and triangular elements. We also performed performance andscalability analyses of our code. Our simulations, using over 10^5 degrees offreedom, demonstrated a parallel acceleration beyond 10^4 MPI processors and a>10-fold acceleration over the best performance when the normal H-matrices areused. Using this code, we can perform unprecedented large-scale earthquakesequence simulations on geometrically complex faults with supercomputers. Thesoftware HBI is made an open-source and freely available.

Large-scale earthquake sequence simulations on 3D nonplanar faults using the boundary element method accelerated by lattice H-matrices