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We investigated trajectories of depressive symptoms over 10 years following a marital transition (widowed or divorced) using data from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 377, mean age = 67.55 years; years 2006-2016). Piecewise growth curve models were estimated to investigate whether social support and strain from one’s spouse, measured prior to transition, predicted depressive symptom trajectories following the transition. Covariates included sex, age, education, race/ethnicity, wealth, and chronic conditions. Overall, trajectories of depressive symptoms after a marital transition were significantly negative, indicating a decrease in depressive symptoms over time. Findings did not differ significantly between participants who were widowed and those who were divorced. Spousal social support was associated with an increase in depressive symptoms and spousal social strain was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms following a marital transition in separate models: support: b = .250, SE = .062, p &amp;lt;.001; strain: b = -.209, SE = .095, p &amp;lt;.05. However, social strain was not significant when examined jointly with social support. Depressive symptoms declined significantly for low (b = -.370, SE = .100, p &amp;lt;.001) and average levels of social support (b = -.113, SE = .037, p &amp;lt;.01), but not for high levels of spouse social support (b = .143, SE = .109, p = .188). These results suggest those with the highest levels of spousal support prior to the transition, whether divorced or widowed, experienced a more difficult recovery and may be targets for additional mental health support following a marital transition.

Social Support and Social Strain as Predictors of Depressive Symptom Trajectories Following a Marital Transition