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Sphingolipid metabolites in mammals can function as signaling molecules with cell-specific functions. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phosphorylated long chain bases, such as dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate and phytosphingosine 1-phosphate, have also been implicated in stress responses. To further explore the biological roles of these molecules, we created disruption mutants for LCB4, LCB5, DPL1, YSR2, YSR3, and SUR2. LCB4 and LCB5 encode kinases that phosphorylate long chain bases. DPL1 and YSR2/YSR3 are involved in degradation of the phosphorylated long chain bases. SUR2 catalyzes conversion of dihydrosphingosine to phytosphingosine. We adapted an HPLC method to measure intracellular concentrations of the phosphorylated long chain bases. Double mutants of dpl1 and ysr2 were inviable, whereas dpl1 ysr2 lcb4 triple mutants were viable. Further, growth inhibition associated with accumulated phosphorylated long chain bases was observed in the triple mutant dpl1 ysr2 lcb4 overexpressing LCB4 or LCB5. These results indicate that phosphorylated long chain bases can inhibit cell growth. Mutants defective in both YSR2 and SUR2, which accumulated dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate only, grew poorly. The phenotypes of the ysr2 sur2 mutants were suppressed by overexpression of DPL1. Our results clearly show that elevated levels of phosphorylated long chain bases have an antiproliferative effect in yeast.

Accumulation of Phosphorylated Sphingoid Long Chain Bases Results in Cell Growth Inhibition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae