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Aflatoxins cause acute and chronic health and production effects in humans and animals, respectively. This study reports on the exposure of the Kenyan population to the two mycotoxins in two counties (Nandi and Makueni) using children younger than 5 years as the proxy. A questionnaire was administered, which captured knowledge of the incidences of acute aflatoxin poisoning, food consumption patterns. Analysis of aflatoxin in samples of urine, breast milk, maize, sorghum, and millet was done using cELISA and HPLC. Maize and sorghum are used in the weaning formula of children. The difference in consumption of maizeand sorghum-based diets in children between younger than 1 and between 1 and 5 years was significant with P = 0.037 and P = 0.002, respectively, in Nandi and Makueni. In children younger than 5 years, the consumption of maize ranged from 0.1 to 0.25 kg per person per day in Nandi and Makueni with an aflatoxin exposure rate of 0.011 and 0.49 μg per kg body weight (bwt) per day, respectively. The exposure to aflatoxin through milk for children younger than 5 years was 4 × 10 and 1 × 10 μg per kg bwt per day in Makueni and Nandi, respectively. The exposure of nursing children through breast milk was 6 × 10 and 1 × 10 μg per kg bwt per day in Makueni and Nandi, respectively. Children younger than 30 months in Makueni had 1.4 times higher levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in urine than those of the same age in Nandi. The stunting and severe stunting rates in Makueni and Nandi were 28.7%, 18.5% and 30.7%, 16.5%, respectively. Thus, there is need for urgent mitigation measures, a constant surveillance program, strict regulations, and awareness creation directed at poor households to reduce dietary exposure to mycotoxins.

Exposure of Kenyan population to aflatoxins in foods with special reference to Nandi and Makueni counties