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Aims  Post-operative pain following cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) insertion is associated with patient dissatisfaction, emotional distress, and emergency department visits. We sought to identify factors associated with post-operative pain and develop a prediction score for post-operative pain. Methods and results  All patients from the BRUISE CONTROL-1 and 2 trials were included in this analysis. A validated Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the severity of pain related to CIED implant procedures. Patients were asked to grade the most severe post-operative pain, average post-operative pain, and pain on the day of the first post-operative clinic. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of significant post-operative pain and to develop a pain-prediction score. A total of 1308 patients were included. Multivariable regression analysis found that the presence of post-operative clinically significant haematoma {CSH; P value &amp;lt; 0.001; odds ratio (OR) 3.82 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.37–6.16]}, de novo CIED implantation [P value &amp;lt; 0.001; OR 1.90 (95% CI: 1.47–2.46)], female sex [P value &amp;lt; 0.001; OR 1.61 (95% CI: 1.22–2.12)], younger age [&amp;lt;65 years; P value &amp;lt; 0.001; OR 1.54 (95% CI: 1.14–2.10)], and lower body mass index [&amp;lt;20 kg/m2; P value &amp;lt; 0.05; OR 2.05 (95% CI: 0.98–4.28)] demonstrated strong and independent associations with increased post-operative pain. An 11-point post-operative pain prediction score was developed using the data. Conclusion  Our study has identified multiple predictors of post-operative pain after CIED insertion. We have developed a prediction score for post-operative pain that can be used to identify individuals at risk of experiencing significant post-operative pain.

Post-operative pain following cardiac implantable electronic device implantation: insights from the BRUISE CONTROL trials