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Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background : Despite the progress in therapy and patient management in cardiac surgery, postoperative mediastinitis remains an serious complication. Our study aims to study the incidence of mediastinitis after cardiac surgery and to identify the risk factors. Methods We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study including patients who had undergone cardiac surgery by sternotomy during a period of 5 years ( 2015 – 2019)and who meet the definition of mediastinitis proposed by the "Centers of disease control and disease". We collected the demographic characteristics of the patients and operative operative data of the first intervention as well as those relating to mediastinitis. Results  25 patients ( 2.93%)  among 1042 patients operated for cardiac surgery during the cited period presented mediastinitis. The main clinical signs were : surgical wound infection (80%), fever (40%) and sternal instability (30%). Biological tests showed : hyperleukocytosis and high C-Reactive Protein  in 22.7 % and 58.1 % of cases respectively. Gram-positive cocci are largely predominant and one case of Candida mediastinitis was found. type 1 diabetes and coronary artery bypass grafting were significantly associated with the occurrence of mediastinitis with P &amp;lt;0.01. The mean duration of intra venous antibiotic therapy was 21 days. 92 % of patients operated on for mediastinitis are cured, 4 % had a recurrence of infection and 4 % died. CONCLUSION Mediastinitis after heart surgery is rare but serious. The main risk factors are  insulin-dependent diabetes and coronary bypass surgery. The curative treatment is heavy and it is based on a rigorous and long medico-surgical care.

Post cardiac surgery Mediastinitis : Risk factors and therapeutic management