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\ud\udSpeckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) has emerged as a ultrasound technique for accurately evaluating\ud\udmyocardial function also in critically ill patients. By tracking the displacement of the speckles during the cardiac\ud\udcycle, strain rate can be measured offline after adequate image acquisition. The aim of the study was to evaluate\ud\udthe effects of the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on 4-chamber longitudinal strain (LS) analysis in\ud\udcritically ill patients.\ud\udMethods:\ud\udWe enrolled 20 consecutive patients (mean age 64±18) who needed mechanical ventilation and were admitted at\ud\udthe Intensive Care Unit due to heterogeneous causes. Inclusion criteria were: hypoxia requiring PEEP titration,\ud\udinvasive arterial pressure monitoring, age>18. Exclusion criteria were: myocardial dysfunction, cardiac\ud\udarrhythmias and valvular pathologies. The same operator performed three standard echocardiography\ud\udmasurements (MyLab 70 Xvision, Esaote), each of them after having increased PEEP at 5,10, and 15 cmH20 (T1,\ud\udT2, T3, respectively). Blood gas analysis, respiratory, and hemodynamic parameters provided by a pulse contour\ud\udmethod were also recorded. STE analysis was performed off-line (XStrainTMMyLab 70 Xvision, Esaote).\ud\udResults:\ud\udLeft peak atrial LS (LA-PALS) was significantly reduced from T1 to T2, and from T2 to T3 (40.2±12%, 35.9±9,\ud\ud28.4±8%, T1, T2, T3, respectively; p<0.05). Right peak atrial LS (RA-PALS) and right ventricular (RV)-LS showed\ud\uda significant reduction only at T3 (RA-PALS: 44.7±48.5% at T1, 35.9±11% at T3; RV-LS: -20.2±2% at T1, -\ud\ud16.3±1.1% at T3; p<0.05). Left ventricular (LV)-LS did not change significantly during titration of PEEP. Cardiac\ud\udchambers’ volumes and cardiac output (CO) showed a significant reduction at higher levels of PEEP. Pulse\ud\udpressure variation (PPV) was significantly affected by higher levels of PEEP (p<0.05).\ud\udConclusions:\ud\udIn hypoxic patients with normal cardiac function, PEEP tritation determined a reduction of LA-, RA- and RV-LS\ud\udvalues. LV-LS values were not influenced by PEEP changes. The fall in CO, observed with higher values of PEEP,\ud\udseemed to be related to the impairement of preload and not of myocardial contractility. Whenever interpreting\ud\uddata on cardiac function obtained with longitudinal strain analysis, attention of clinician should be drawn to\ud\uddifferent levels of PEEP. The higher the PEEP, the more the probability of misleading interpretation of speckle echocardiographic data

Positive end expiratory pressure-PEEP can affects the 4-chamber longitudinal strain analysis