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Heart failure constitutes an increasing health hazard with major demands on health care resources. Recent major advances in drug treatment have yet to be translated into increased survival of heart failure patients in the community at large. Failure of diagnosis is a major factor in delaying early and adequate treatment. Echocardiography probably provides the most reliable and inexpensive instrument to confirm the diagnosis and pinpoint the mechanical components of the syndrome. The targets for therapeutic intervention may be categorized (i) haemodynamic, neuroendocrine and metabolic disorders (ii) symptoms and quality of life, (iii) morbidity and mortality risks. Symptoms and quality of life are the prime concerns of the physician in the treatment in the individual patient. Selection of anti-heart failure drugs used should be based on knowledge of the impact on the pathophysiological disorders and on the morbidity and mortality risks. Diuretics, vasodilators and ACE-inhibitors are now accepted as standard treatment, particularly when used in combination. Controversy continues to surround the efficacy of digitalis glycosides; they improve symptoms in some patients but their impact on morbidity and mortality risks is still uncertain. Even with standard treatments, may practical therapeutic questions remain, one of which is what is the most efficacious dose of each anti-heart failure drug which, when used in combination, will give the maximum improvement in quality of life and greatest extension of survival? Despite available treatment with diuretics, digitalis, vasodilators and ACE-inhibitors, the morbidity and mortality risks of congestive heart failure remain high. None of these drug groups significantly modulates the excessive excitation of the sympathoadrenal system, one of the two major neuroendocrine hazards of heart failure. For this reason, amongst the many newer drugs in development, the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists hold considerable promise as the next step towards a more comprehensive treatment of congestive heart failure.

Congestive heart failure: Towards a comprehensive treatment