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Spurgia esulae Gagne (= Bayeria capitigena Bremi of Solinas & Pecora), a multivoltine gall midge recorded on Euphorbia esula in Italy, was selected as a candidate for the biological control of leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula L. “complex”) in North America. Its potential host range was studied in 1982 at Rome, Italy, and in 1984 at Albany, Calif., using populations associated with Euphorbia esula from San Rossore near Pisa, Italy. Of 56 plant species or varieties in 22 families tested at the Rome laboratory, the midge oviposited and completed its life cycle only on plants in the genus Euphorbia (subgenus Esula ). In the tests conducted in Rome, complete development occurred on five populations of North American leafy spurge (from Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, and Saskatchewan) and on European E. peplus L., E. cyparissias L., E. myrsinites L., E. characias L., E. serrulata Thuillier, and on E. lathyris L. from Chico and Castro Valley, Calif. Of 12 native North American Euphorbia species tested at Albany in 1984, four species in the subgenus Esula ( E. incisa Engelmann, E. palmeri Engelmann, E. robusta (Engelmann) Small, and E. spathulata De Lamarck) supported the complete development of S. esulae . The restricted host range suggested use of this midge as a biological control agent against leafy spurge in North America. Releases of S. esulae were made in Montana in 1985 and in North Dakota in 1986; this species became established in both states.

environmental entomology

Host Specificity of Spurgia esulae Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Gall Midge Introduced into the United States for Control of Leafy Spurge ( Euphorbia esula L. “Complex”)