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Progress in medicine has been made in the past primarily through the clinical experience of physicians and uncontrolled observations. With the advent of medical journals, knowledge dissemination and much of medical progress had been made possible through clinical reports and meticulous observations on cases or series of cases. This was true for many medical breakthroughs, including the initial paper by Burrill Crohn, Leon Ginzburg and Gordon Oppenheimer, who described their observations of a mere 14 surgical patients with ‘regional ileitis’, which later became known as Crohn’s disease.1 However in recent decades, the controlled clinical trial gained primacy as the holy grail of evidence-based medicine, and observational studies similarly became subject to stricter and preferably comparative statistical methodology in the forms of population-based studies, prospective cohorts or retrospective case-control studies. This trend, towards comparative and preferably controlled research methodology as the prevailing dogma, has led to case reports falling out of favour with the medical scientific community touting its potential caveats of chance associations and susceptibility to many uncontrolled confounders. Coupled with the fact that case reports may create less citation potential, which is necessary for a journal impact factor and citation index standing, case reports and case series have also found it increasingly difficult to be published.2 Indeed most leading gastroenterology journals, JCC included, now generally refrain from publishing case reports or small case series.Does this mean there is no place for the case report anymore? Is there still a case for the small case series?We believe case reports or case series still have important role in advancing medical knowledge, one that …

Making a Case for Case Reports: The ECCO-CONFER Viewpoint on Investigating Rare Events in a Medical World Reigned by Group-comparative Statistics