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Olfactory cues that indicate predation risk elicit a number of defensive behaviors in fishes, but whether they are suf- ficient to also induce morphological defenses has received little attention. Cichlids are characterized by a high level of morpho- logical plasticity during development, and the few species that have been tested do exhibit defensive behaviors when exposed to alarm cues released from the damaged skin of conspecifics. We utilized young juvenile Nicaragua cichlids Hypsophrys nicara- guensis to test if the perception of predation risk from alarm cue (conspecific skin extract) alone induces an increased relative body depth which is a defense against gape-limited predators. After two weeks of exposure, siblings that were exposed to con- specific alarm cue increased their relative body depth nearly double the amount of those exposed to distilled water (control) and zebrafish Danio rerio alarm cue. We repeated our measurements over the last two weeks (12 and 14) of cue exposure when the fish were late-stage juveniles to test if the rate of increase was sustained; there were no differences in final dimensions between the three treatments. Our results show that 1) the Nicaragua cichlid has an innate response to conspecific alarm cue which is not a generalized response to an injured fish, and 2) this innate recognition ultimately results in developing a deeper body at a stage of the life history where predation risk is high (Current Zoology 56 (1): 36-42, 2010).

Alarm cue induces an antipredator morphological defense in juvenile Nicaragua cichlids Hypsophrys nicaraguensis