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Complex networks analyses of many physical, biological and social phenomenashow remarkable structural regularities, yet, their application in studyinghuman past interaction remains underdeveloped. Here, we present an innovativemethod for identifying community structures in the archaeological record thatallow for independent evaluation of the copper using societies in the Balkans,from c. 6200 to c. 3200 BC. We achieve this by exploring modularity ofnetworked systems of these societies across an estimated 3000 years. We employchemical data of copper-based objects from 79 archaeological sites as theindependent variable for detecting most densely interconnected sets of nodeswith a modularity maximization method. Our results reveal three dominantmodular structures across the entire period, which exhibit strong spatial andtemporal significance. We interpret patterns of copper supply among prehistoricsocieties as reflective of social relations, which emerge as equally importantas physical proximity. Although designed on a variable isolated from anyarchaeological and spatiotemporal information, our method providesarchaeologically and spatiotemporally meaningful results. It produces models ofhuman interaction and cooperation that can be evaluated independently ofestablished archaeological systematics, and can find wide application on anyquantitative data from archaeological and historical record.

journal of complex networks

Community structure of copper supply networks in the prehistoric  Balkans: An independent evaluation of the archaeological record from the 7th  to the 4th millennium BC