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The postnatal functions of the  Dlx1&amp;2  transcription factors in cortical interneurons (CINs) are unknown. Here, using conditional  Dlx1 ,  Dlx2 , and  Dlx1&amp;2  knockouts (CKOs), we defined their roles in specific CINs. The CKOs had dendritic, synaptic, and survival defects, affecting even PV +  CINs. We provide evidence that DLX2 directly drives  Gad1 ,  Gad2 , and  Vgat  expression, and show that mutants had reduced mIPSC amplitude. In addition, the mutants formed fewer GABAergic synapses on excitatory neurons and had reduced mIPSC frequency. Furthermore,  Dlx1/2  CKO had hypoplastic dendrites, fewer excitatory synapses, and reduced excitatory input. We provide evidence that some of these phenotypes were due to reduced expression of  GRIN2B  (a subunit of the NMDA receptor), a high confidence Autism gene. Thus,  Dlx1&amp;2  coordinate key components of CIN postnatal development by promoting their excitability, inhibitory output, and survival.

Dlx1 and Dlx2 Promote Interneuron GABA Synthesis, Synaptogenesis, and Dendritogenesis