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Higher cognitive function reflects the interaction of a network of multiple brainregions. Previous investigations have plotted out these networks usingfunctional or structural connectivity approaches. While these map the topographyof the regions involved, they do not explore the key aspect of this neuroscienceprinciple—namely that the regions interact in a dynamic fashion. Here, weachieved this aim with respect to semantic memory. Although converging evidenceimplicates the anterior temporal lobes (ATLs), bilaterally, as a crucialcomponent in semantic representation, the underlying neural interplay betweenthe ATLs remains unclear. By combining continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS)with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we perturbed the leftventrolateral ATL (vATL) and investigated acute changes in neural activity andeffective connectivity of the semantic system. cTBS resulted in decreasedactivity at the target region and compensatory, increased activity at thecontralateral vATL. In addition, there were task-specific increases in effectiveconnectivity between the vATLs, reflecting an increased facilitatory intrinsicconnectivity from the right to left vATL. Our results suggest that semanticrepresentation is founded on a flexible, adaptive bilateral neural system andreveals an adaptive plasticity-based mechanism that might support functionalrecovery after unilateral damage in neurological patients.

cerebral cortex

Mapping the Dynamic Network Interactions Underpinning Cognition: A                     cTBS-fMRI Study of the Flexible Adaptive Neural System for                     Semantics