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The cortex encodes a broad range of inputs. This breadth of operation requiressensitivity to weak inputs yet non-saturating responses to strong inputs. Ifindividual pyramidal neurons were to have a narrow dynamic range, as previouslyclaimed, then staggered all-or-none recruitment of those neurons would benecessary for the population to achieve a broad dynamic range. Contrary to thisexplanation, we show here through dynamic clamp experiments in vitro andcomputer simulations that pyramidal neurons have a broad dynamic range under thenoisy conditions that exist in the intact brain due to background synapticinput. Feedforward inhibition capitalizes on those noise effects to controlneuronal gain and thereby regulates the population dynamic range. Importantly,noise allows neurons to be recruited gradually and occludes the staggeredrecruitment previously attributed to heterogeneous excitation. Feedforwardinhibition protects spike timing against the disruptive effects of noise,meaning noise can enable the gain control required for rate coding withoutcompromising the precise spike timing required for temporal coding.

Regulation of Cortical Dynamic Range by Background Synaptic Noise and Feedforward Inhibition