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The oscillatory nature of the cortical local field potential (LFP) iscommonly interpreted as a reflection of synchronized network activity, but itsrelationship to observed transient coincident firing of neurons on themillisecond time-scale remains unclear. Here we present experimental evidenceto reconcile the notions of synchrony at the level of neuronal spiking and atthe mesoscopic scale. We demonstrate that only in time intervals of excessspike synchrony, coincident spikes are better entrained to the LFP thanpredicted by the locking of the individual spikes. This effect is enhanced inperiods of large LFP amplitudes. A quantitative model explains the LFP dynamicsby the orchestrated spiking activity in neuronal groups that contribute theobserved surplus synchrony. From the correlation analysis, we infer thatneurons participate in different constellations but contribute only a fractionof their spikes to temporally precise spike configurations, suggesting a dualcoding scheme of rate and synchrony. This finding provides direct evidence forthe hypothesized relation that precise spike synchrony constitutes a majortemporally and spatially organized component of the LFP. Revealing thattransient spike synchronization correlates not only with behavior, but with amesoscopic brain signal corroborates its relevance in cortical processing.

The Local Field Potential Reflects Surplus Spike Synchrony