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Chronic inflammation triggers the aberrant expression of a DNA mutator enzyme, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and contributes to tumorigenesis through the accumulation of genetic aberrations. To gain further insight into the inflammation-mediated genotoxic events required for carcinogenesis, we examined the role of chronic inflammation in the emergence of genetic aberrations in the liver with constitutive AID expression. Treatment with thioacetamide (TAA) at low-dose concentrations caused minimal hepatic inflammation in both wild-type (WT) and AID transgenic (Tg) mice. None of the WT mice with low-dose TAA administration or AID Tg mice without hepatic inflammation developed cancers in their liver tissues over the 6 month study period. In contrast, all the AID Tg mice with TAA treatment developed multiple macroscopic hepatocellular carcinomas during the same observation period. Whole exome sequencing and additional deep-sequencing analyses revealed the enhanced accumulation of somatic mutations in various genes, including dual specificity phosphatase 6 (Dusp6), early growth response 1 (Egr1) and inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2), which are putative tumor suppressors, in AID-expressing liver with TAA-mediated hepatic inflammation. Microarray and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed the transcriptional upregulation of various genes including Dusp6, Egr1 and Id2 under hepatic inflammatory conditions. Together, these findings suggest that inflammation-mediated transcriptional upregulation of target genes, including putative tumor suppressor genes, enhances the opportunity for inflamed cells to acquire somatic mutations and contributes to the acceleration of tumorigenesis in the inflamed liver tissues.

Hepatic inflammation facilitates transcription-associated mutagenesis via AID activity and enhances liver tumorigenesis