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It was suggested that vitamin D levels influence cancer development. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a crucial mediator for the cellular effects of vitamin D. Results from previous studies on the association ofVDRpolymorphisms with different cancer types are somewhat contradictory, and the role ofVDRin the etiology of cancer is still equivocal. We therefore performed a meta-analysis on the association between the two most studiedVDRpolymorphisms (FokIandBsmI) and any cancer site. Up to January 2009, we identified 67 independent studies. We used random-effects models to provide summary odds ratio (SOR) forVDRpolymorphisms and cancer. We tested homogeneity of effects across studies and publication bias and explored between-study heterogeneity. When comparingFokI ffwithFFcarriers, we found a significant increase in skin cancer [SOR; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.30; 1.04–1.61] and breast cancer (SOR; 95%CI: 1.14; 1.03–1.27) risk. For the same genotype comparison, we found a significantly higher risk of cancer when we pooled estimates from cancer sites possibly associated with vitamin D levels (prostate, breast, skin, ovary, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and colorectal). A significant reduction in prostate cancer risk was observed for carriers ofBsmI Bbcompared withbbgenotype (SOR; 95%CI: 0.83; 0.69–0.99). In Caucasian populations, bothBbandBBcarriers had a significant reduced risk of cancer at any site. In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed thatVDR FokIandBsmIpolymorphisms might modulate the risk of cancer of breast, skin and prostate and possibly affect cancer risk at any site in Caucasians.

Review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk