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The question whether chemotherapy-induced autophagy is causative to the demise of the cells or a part of the survival mechanism activated during cellular distress is unclear. Others and we have previously demonstrated apoptosis-inducing capacity ofN-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) in malignant glioma cells. We provide evidences of 4-HPR-induced autophagy at a lower concentration (5 μM). Suboptimal dose of 4-HPR treatment of malignant glioma cell lines increased G2/M arrest, whereas cell accumulated in S phase at a higher concentration. 4-HPR-induced autophagy was associated with acidic vacuole [acidic vesicular organelle (AVO)] formation and recruitment of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3). At a higher concentration of 10 μM of 4-HPR, glioma cells undergoing apoptosis manifested autophagic features indicated by autophagosome formation, AVO development and LC3 localization. Autophagy inhibition at an early stage by 3-methyl adenine inhibited the AVO formation and LC3 localization with an enhancement in cell death. Bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar type Hþ-ATPase also prevented AVO formation without effecting LC-3 localization pattern and also enhanced the extent of 4-HPR-induced cell death. 4-HPR activated c-jun and P38MAPKat both 5 and 10 μM concentrations, whereas increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and NF-kappaB was seen only at lower dose. Inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways modulated 4-HPR-induced cell death. This is the first report that provides evidences that besides apoptosis induction 4-HPR can also induce autophagy. These results indicate that 4-HPR-induced autophagy in glioma cell may provide survival advantage and inhibition of autophagy may enhance the cytotoxicity to 4-HPR.

carcinogenesis

Inhibition of               N              -(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-induced autophagy at a lower dose enhances cell death in malignant glioma cells