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The persistent activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is oncogenic and involved in colorectal neoplasia. Mutations of both regulatory subunit and catalytic subunit of PI3K have been demonstrated in colon cancers. In the present study, we show that heterozygous disruption of thephosphatase and tensin homolog(PTEN) tumor suppressor gene promoted tumor progression inAPC  min/+mice. Number and size of intestinal tumors were significantly increased in mice bearing bothadenomatous polyposis coli(APC) andPTENmutations. WhileAPC  min/+  PTEN  +/+mice developed adenomas, invasive carcinomas developed inAPC  min/+  PTEN  +/−mice. Large tumors often resulted in intestinal intussusception and early death ofAPC  min/+  PTEN  +/−mice. Targeted array revealed that osteopontin (OPN) was the leading gene whose expression was strongly induced by deficiency of PTEN. In colon cancer cells, gain-of-function mutation of PI3K robustly increased levels of OPN and treatment with OPN reduced growth factor deprivation-induced programmed cell death. Moreover, OPN expression was strongly increased in Ras-induced transformation of intestinal epithelial cells in a PI3K-dependent manner. Inhibition of OPN expression by specific small interfering RNA reduced uncontrolled growth and invasiveness of Ras-transformed intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, our results suggest that the PI3K pathway promotes the transformation of intestinal adenoma to adenocarcinoma. OPN, a downstream effector of PI3K, protects transformed intestinal epithelial cells from programmed cell death and stimulates their anchorage-independent growth.

carcinogenesis

Heterozygous disruption of the               PTEN               promotes intestinal neoplasia in               APC  min/+               mouse: roles of osteopontin