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The tumorigenic transformation of certain occupationally significant chemicals,such as N-hydroxy-4, 4'-methyl-enebis[2-chloroaniline] (N-OH-MOCA),N-hydroxy- ortho -toluidine (N-OH-OT), 2-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (PBQ) and N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl (N-OH-ABP) were testedin vitro  using the well established SV40-immortalized humanuroepithelial cell line SV-HUC.PC. SV-HUC cells were exposed  invitro  to varying concentrations of N-OH-MOCA, N-OH-OT, N-OH-ABP andPBQ that caused approximately 25% and 75% cytotoxicity. Thecarcinogen treated cells were propagated in culture for about six weeks andsubsequently injected subcutaneously into athymic nude mice. Two of the fourteendifferent groups of SV-HUC.PC treated with different concentrations ofN-OH-MOCA, and one of the three groups exposed to N-OH-ABP, formed carcinomas inathymic nude mice.  32 P-postlabeling analyses of DNA isolatedfromSV-HUC.PC after exposure to N-OH-MOCA revealed one major and one minoradduct. The major adduct has been identified as theN-(deoxyadenosin-3',5'-bisphospho-8-yl)-4-amino-3-chlorobenzyl alcohol (pdAp-ACBA) and the minoradduct as N-(deoxyadenosin-3', 5'-bisphospho-8-yl)-4-amino-3-chlorotoluene(pdAp-ACT). Furthermore, SV-HUC.PC cytosols catalyzed the binding of N-OH-MOCAto DNA, in the presence of acetyl-CoA, to yield similar adducts. The sameadducts were also formed by chemical interaction of N-OH-MOCA with calf thymusDNA, suggesting that the aryl nitrenium ion may be the ultimate reactive speciesresponsible for DNA binding. The tumorigenic activity of N-OH-MOCA in thishighly relevant  in vitro  transformation model, coupled with thefindings that SV-HUC.PC cells formed DNA-adducts  in vitro  andcontained enzyme systems that activated N-OH-MOCA to reactive electrophilicspecies that bound to DNA, strongly suggest that MOCA could be a human bladdercarcinogen. These findings are consistent with the International Agency forResearch on Cancer's classification of MOCA as a probable human carcinogen.

carcinogenesis

Neoplastic transformation and DNA-binding of 4, 4'-methylenebis                     (2-chloroaniline) in SV40-immortalized human uroepithelial cell                     lines