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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a worldwide pandemic, chronically affecting over 170 million people worldwide. It is a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and there is increasing experimental evidence to suggest that the virus plays a direct role in neoplastic transformation. The purpose of this letter is to review the literature regarding two individual proteins of HCV, namely NS5A and core, and their role in the pathogenesis of HCC through perturbations of cellular pathways, in addition to their immunopatho- logical effects of chronic inflammation. A systematic search of MEDLINE in addition to manual searches of citations in key papers was employed to identify relevant studies. There is overwhelming evidence suggesting the direct and indirect roles HCV plays in the patho- genesis of HCC. Recent progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of HCV coupled with advances in in vitro models will ensure that positive strides are made in the treatment and management of this potentially fatal virus.

The role of hepatitis C virus in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma