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The aerobic, Gram-negative motile bacillus,  Burkholderia pseudomallei  is a facultative intracellular bacterium causing melioidosis, a critical disease of public health importance, which is widely endemic in the tropics and subtropical regions of the world. Melioidosis is associated with high case fatality rates in animals and humans; even with treatment, its mortality is 20–50%. It also infects plants and is designated as a biothreat agent.  B .  pseudomallei  is pathogenic due to its ability to invade, resist factors in serum and survive intracellularly. Despite its importance, to date only a few effector proteins have been functionally characterized, and there is not much information regarding the host–pathogen protein–protein interactions (PPI) of this system, which are important to studying infection mechanisms and thereby develop prevention measures. We explored two computational approaches, the homology-based interolog and the domain-based method, to predict genome-scale host–pathogen interactions (HPIs) between two different strains of  B .  pseudomallei  (prototypical, and highly virulent) and human. In total, 76 335 common HPIs (between the two strains) were predicted involving 8264 human and 1753  B. pseudomallei  proteins. Among the unique PPIs, 14 131 non-redundant HPIs were found to be unique between the prototypical strain and human, compared to 3043 non-redundant HPIs between the highly virulent strain and human. The protein hubs analysis showed that most  B. pseudomallei  proteins formed a hub with human dnaK complex proteins associated with tuberculosis, a disease similar in symptoms to melioidosis. In addition, drug-binding and carbohydrate-binding mechanisms were found overrepresented within the host–pathogen network, and metabolic pathways were frequently activated according to the pathway enrichment. Subcellular localization analysis showed that most of the pathogen proteins are targeting human proteins inside cytoplasm and nucleus. We also discovered the host targets of the drug-related pathogen proteins and proteins that form T3SS and T6SS in  B. pseudomallei . Additionally, a comparison between the unique PPI patterns present in the prototypical and highly virulent strains was performed. The current study is the first report on developing a genome-scale host–pathogen protein interaction networks between the human and  B. pseudomallei , a critical biothreat agent. We have identified novel virulence factors and their interacting partners in the human proteome. These PPIs can be further validated by high-throughput experiments and may give new insights on how  B .  pseudomallei  interacts with its host, which will help medical researchers in developing better prevention measures.

briefings in bioinformatics

In silico  prediction of host–pathogen protein interactions in melioidosis pathogen  Burkholderia pseudomallei  and human reveals novel virulence factors and their targets