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We evaluated the ability of metabolic elicitors extracted from  Pseudomonas fluorescens  N21.4 to induce systemic resistance (ISR) in  Arabidopsis thaliana  against the pathogen  Pseudomonas syringae  DC3000. Metabolic elicitors were obtained from bacteria-free culture medium with  n -hexane, ethyl acetate and  n -butanol in three consecutive extractions. Each extract showed plant protection activity. The  n -hexane fraction was the most effective and was used to study the signal transduction pathways involved by evaluating expression of marker genes of the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway ( NPR1 ,  PR1 ,  ICS  and  PR2 ) and the jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) signalling pathway ( PDF1 ,  MYC2 ,  LOX2  and  PR3 ). In addition, the level of oxidative stress was tested by determining the activity of enzymes related to the ascorbate-glutathione cycle.  N -hexane extracts stimulated both pathways based on overexpression of  ICS ,  PR1 ,  PR2 ,  PDF1  and  LOX2  genes. In addition, activity of the pathogenesis-related proteins glucanase (PR2) and chitinase (PR3), lipoxygenase and polyphenol oxidase was enhanced together with an increased capacity to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS). This was associated with less oxidative stress as indicated by a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA), suggesting a causative link between defensive metabolism against  P. syringae  and ROS scavenging.

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Extracts from cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens induce defensive patterns of gene expression and enzyme activity while depressing visible injury and reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis thaliana challenged with pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae