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Here, we present a study into the mechanisms of primary cell wall cellulose formation in grasses, using the model cereal grass  Brachypodium distachyon . The exon found adjacent to the Bd CESA1  glycosyltransferase QXXRW motif was targeted using Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) and sequencing candidate amplicons in multiple parallel reactions (SCAMPRing) leading to the identification of the Bd cesa1   S830N   allele. Plants carrying this missense mutation exhibited a significant reduction in crystalline cellulose content in tissues that rely on the primary cell wall for biomechanical support. However,  Bdcesa1   S830N   plants failed to exhibit the predicted reduction in plant height. In a mechanism unavailable to eudicotyledons,  B. distachyon  plants homozygous for the  Bdcesa1   S830N   allele appear to overcome the loss of internode expansion anatomically by increasing the number of nodes along the stem. Stem biomechanics were resultantly compromised in Bd cesa1   S830N  . The  Bdcesa1   S830N   missense mutation did not interfere with  BdCESA1  gene expression. However, molecular dynamic simulations of the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) structure with modelled membrane interactions illustrated that Bd cesa1   S830N   exhibited structural changes in the translated gene product responsible for reduced cellulose biosynthesis. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that substituting S830N resulted in a stabilizing shift in the flexibility of the class specific region arm of the core catalytic domain of CESA, revealing the importance of this motion to protein function.

Biochemical and physiological flexibility accompanies reduced cellulose biosynthesis in Brachypodium cesa1S830N