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The inhalation of respirable inorganic particles at low levels is a commonplace everyday occurrence. Typically, the types of particulates which are inhaled and variably retained in the lungs, are those commonly present in ambient aerosols. Much of the particulate matter is aeolian crustal material (deflationary soil) and anthropogenerated material (combustion emissions, construction products). This low or "background" level of exposure is usually orders of magnitude lower than the levels of exposure in occupational settings giving rise to lung disease. We have been studying the human lung burden of retained inorganic particulates for many years (Abraham and Burnett, 1983) and have developed an ever-expanding database (Abraham et al., 1991) of information on the lung burden in currently over 700 analyses of over 600 lungs. The database contains mostly data from persons with known or suspected aerosol particulate exposures of one kind or another; it also contains data from histologically normal lungs and lungs from persons with lung disease but not known occupational or environmental exposures. Previous studies have examined the relationship of concentrations of a few specific particles to pathologic reactions in patients with specific exposures and/or diseases, such as: sandblasters with silicosis; beryllium ceramics workers with and without chronic beryllium disease; cemented tungsten carbide workers with the unusual pathologic reaction; GIP (giant cell interstitial pneumonia); granulomatous and fibrotic lung disease in persons exposed to metals such as titanium, zirconium or aluminium; and welders. In addition, with the ongoing interest in the relationship of fine particulate aerosols in air pollution to health effects several studies have investigated the potential toxicity of various metals, especially the transition metals, Fe, Ni, V, Cu, Mn and Zn in materials such as residual oil fly ash (ROFA). The higher prevalence of such metals as V in ROFA than in particulates identified in, or recovered from lungs, is consistent with the importance of soluble metals from such particulates. Factors such as particle diameter, surface area, roughness and the presence of surface species are also likely to play critical roles. Metal particulate exposures are also of increasing interest in the etiology and pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease which might otherwise be termed "idiopathic" pulmonary fibrosis/"cryptogenic" fibrosing alveolitis (Kennedy and Chan-Yeung, 1996). Several years ago evidence of metal particulate exposure was

Lung Pathology and Mineralogy Associated with High Pulmonary Burden of Metal Particles: Fe, Ti, Al and Cr In a Pneumoconiosis Database