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Three biorationals used were: M-Pede, an insecticidal soap (Mycogen Corp., San Diego, CA); Sunspray® Ultra-fine Spray Oil (Safer Incorporated, Newton, MA) and Nicotiana gossei extract (Phytochemistry Res. Lab., USDA-ARS). Acetone was used to dissolve the extract. Bifenthrin 10 WP (Brigade*) (FMC Corp., Middleport, NY) and water were used as controls. A colony of Bemisia tabaci was maintained in greenhouse cultures on tomato plants. Test plants were placed in the whitefly infested greenhouse for 24 h, after which adults were removed and excluded. Plants were caged for 7 d or 14 d until the appropriate stages were ready for bioassay. For bioassays of eggs, egg-bearing leaves were dipped in insecticide solution and at 7 d, numbers of hatched and unhatched eggs was recorded. Leaves infested with 7-day old nymphs were dipped in dilutions of insecticides, placed individually in 20 ml glass vials filled with water and kept inside clear plastic cages for 4 d, when dead and live nymphs were examined. Plants infested with 14-day old nymphs were sprayed to runoff and caged for 10 d, when dead nymphs were recorded. Experiments were conducted at 25 ± 2°C, RH 70% ± 5%, and L:D 14:10.

Leaf-Dip Contact Toxicity Bioassays of Biorational Insecticides to Sweetpotato Whitefly Immature Stages, 1993