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p38 MAPK and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathways have been implicated in the control of skeletal myogenesis. However, although p38 is recognized as a potent activator of myoblast differentiation, the role of NF-kappaB remains controversial. Here, we show that p38 is activated only in differentiating myocytes, whereas NF-kappaB activity is present both in proliferation and differentiation stages. NF-kappaB activation was found to be dependent on p38 activity during differentiation, being NF-kappaB an effector of p38, thus providing a novel mechanism for the promyogenic effect of p38. Activation of p38 in C2C12 cells induced the activity of NF-kappaB, in a dual way: first, by reducing IkappaBalpha levels and inducing NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity and, second, by potentiating the transactivating activity of p65-NF-kappaB. Finally, we show that interleukin (IL)-6 expression is induced in C2C12 differentiating myoblasts, in a p38- and NF-kappaB-dependent manner. Interference of IL-6 mRNA reduced, whereas its overexpression increased, the extent of myogenic differentiation; moreover, addition of IL-6 was able to rescue significantly the negative effect of NF-kappaB inhibition on this process. This study provides the first evidence of a crosstalk between p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways during myogenesis, with IL-6 being one of the effectors of this promyogenic mechanism.

p38 MAPK-induced Nuclear Factor-κB Activity Is Required for Skeletal Muscle Differentiation: Role of Interleukin-6