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Stimulation with extracellular ATP causes a rapid initial transient rise followed by asynchronous periodic oscillations in cytosolic calcium ion activity ([Ca2+]i) in individual aortic smooth muscle cells in either HEPES-buffered or HCO3(-)-buffered saline. The dose at which one-half of the cells display an initial rise in cytosolic calcium is 0.11 microM ATP in the presence of external Ca2+ and 0.88 microM ATP in the absence of external Ca2+; the corresponding value for oscillations in the presence of external Ca2+ is 2.6 microM ATP. While the initial transient displays rapid desensitization, the oscillations persist for greater than 30 min in the continuous presence of ATP. The presence of the agonist ATP is also absolutely required for the maintenance of the oscillations, presumably to provide continuous activation of P2 purinoceptors. The average frequency of oscillation is approximately 0.9 min-1. The frequency depends only slightly on the concentration of ATP, and oscillations do not collapse into a prolonged elevated [Ca2+]i at high concentrations of ATP. Both Ca2+ influx and release from internal stores participate in the initial transient. Oscillations are not produced in the absence of external Ca2+ but are initiated upon the addition of external Ca2+ in the continued presence of ATP. Oscillations in progress are abolished by the removal of extracellular Ca2+ with one additional peak occurring after the Ca2+ removal. These data suggest that extracellular Ca2+ influx is required for the maintenance of the posttransient oscillations, presumably to provide the Ca2+ necessary for refilling intracellular Ca2+ pools that are the source of the oscillating [Ca2+]i. The Ca2+ influx is not regulated by voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The data in this report are consistent with the view that the initial transient has contributions from two receptor-mediated pathways, and the oscillations are controlled either by a mechanism separate from the ones that control the initial transient or by steps whose control diverges before the point of desensitization.

molecular biology of the cell

Independent pathways regulate the cytosolic [Ca2+] initial transient and subsequent oscillations in individual cultured arterial smooth muscle cells responding to extracellular ATP.