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Two novel proteins that bind specifically to the transferrin receptor (TR) promoter, have been isolated from HeLa cell nuclear extract using a combination of ion exchange and oligonucleotide-affinity chromatography. TREF1 and TREF2, which have apparent molecular weights of 82 and 62 kDa, respectively, appear to be associated as a heterocomplex (TREF), and both proteins are able to contact target DNA directly. TREF interacts specifically with a region of the TR promoter which contains the TR transcriptional control element. This region is similar in sequence to the cAMP-responsive and phorbol ester-responsive elements found in several viral and cellular genes. Binding of TREF to the TR promoter results in modification of DNA topology over multiple helical turns, including a sequence revealed by a helical periodicity map as having an unusual structure.

cell regulation

Nuclear proteins TREF1 and TREF2 bind to the transcriptional control element of the transferrin receptor gene and appear to be associated as a heterodimer.