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Therapeutic approaches using multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are advancing in regenerative medicine, transplantation, and autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms behind MSC immune modulation are still poorly understood and the prediction of the immune modulatory potential of single MSC preparations remains a major challenge for possible clinical applications. Here, we highlight galectin-9 (Gal-9) as a novel, important immune modulator expressed by MSCs, which is strongly upregulated upon activation of the cells by interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Further, we demonstrate that Gal-9 is a major mediator of the anti-proliferative and functional effects of MSCs not only on T cells but also on B cells. Here, Gal-9 and activated MSCs contribute to the suppression of antigen triggered immunoglobulin release. Moreover, we determined that Gal-9 expression could serve as a marker to predict a higher or lower immune modulatory potential of single cell preparations and therefore to distinguish the therapeutic potency of MSCs derived from different donors. Also in vivo co-administration of MSCs or murine Gal-9 resulted in significantly reduced IgG titers in mice immunized with human coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). In conclusion, Gal-9 acts as an immune modulator interfering with multiple cell types including B cells and Gal-9 may serve as a predictive indicator for clinical MSC therapy.

Galectin-9 Is a Suppressor of T and B Cells and Predicts the Immune Modulatory Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Preparations