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The question of whether photobiomodulation should be used as a drug equivalent arose in my mind after listening to presentations at the recent conference of the World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT)-2012 (Gold Cost City, Australia), and later at home when searching MEDLINE for the years 2009–2012. Photobiomodulation (earlier terms: low level laser therapy, LLLT, laser biostimulation) has been used in clinical practice for >40 years by now, and its action mechanisms on cellular and molecular levels have been studied for > 30 years. Enthusiastic medical specialists successfully used photobiomodulation in treating healing-resistant wounds and ulcers (e.g., chronic diabetic ulcers), in pain management, and in spinal cord and nervous system injuries when other methods had had limited success. However, photobiomodulation is still not a part of mainstream medicine. The goal of the present Editorial is to highlight some important recent developments in clinical applications and in studies of cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the clinical findings. One of the impressive and perspective challenges for photobiomodulation is its use in cases of Parkinson’s disease. Research in recent years evidenced that neuroprotective treatment with red and near infrared radiation (NIR) prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and dopamine loss in Parkinson’s disease patients. In another set of experiments, NIR normalized mitochondrial movement and axon transport, as well as stimulating respiration in cytoplasmic hybrid (‘‘cybrid’’) neurons. It is important to recall that reduced axonal transport contributes substantially to the degeneration of neuronal processes in Parkinson’s disease. Another development in recent years is the successful stimulation of stem cells with red and NIR radiation. One example is the treatment of myocardial infarction. The heart has been considered a post-mitotic organ lacking the capacity for self-renewal after injury. Surprisingly enough, human cardiac stem cells, in combination with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, were found to reduce infarct size and restore cardiac functions after myocardial infarction. This positive effect can even be increased by irradiation of stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells were derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue, and stimulated by irradiation at k = 810 nm. Implantation of irradiated cells into the infarcted rat heart resulted in an *50% decrease in cardiac infarct size. An increase in proliferation rates and membrane potential was established after 532 nm irradiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. A recent review summarized data about enhancement of the proliferation of various cultured cell lines, including stem cells, as well as cell lines used for the production of viral vaccines and hybrid cell lines. The review underlined that photobiomodulation improves the proliferation of cells without causing any cytotoxic effects. One has to emphasize that laser therapy shares none of the risks associated with stem cell therapy, requires no anesthesia, and is painless. The optimal light parameters in this review were found to be as follows: doses were 0.5–4.0 J/ cm and wavelengths ranged from 600 to 700 nm. It is important to recall that, in this particular wavelength range, two peaks in absorption and action spectra connected with activation of cytochrome c oxidase (the primary photoacceptor for photobiomodulation effects) are situated. The peak at 620 nm belongs to reduced CuA, and that at 680 nm, to oxidized CuB atoms in cytochrome c oxidase molecule. The treatment of vitiligo (a depigmentary disorder) remains a challenge for clinical dermatologists. He-Ne laser irradiation was found to stimulate melanocyte proliferation. The expression of phosphorylated cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) response element-binding protein, an important regulator of melanocyte growth, was upregulated by He-Ne laser treatment. He-Ne laser irradiation imparted a growth stimulatory effect on functional melanocytes via mitochondria-related pathways. Irradiation with red light caused gene and noncoding RNA regulation for photoacceptor protection in the retina. This finding may open a new challenge for photobiomodulation. One of the major dose-limiting effects of chemotherapy drugs is oral mucositis of treated patients. Oral mucositis can affect up to 100% of patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Photobiomodulation can improve tissue repair and immune response in these patients. Photobiomodulation has been shown to improve functional outcome after surgical intervention to repair injured nerves. LED irradiation at 810 nm accelerated functional recovery and improved the quality of nerve regeneration after autograft repair of severely injured peripheral nerves. Forehead treatments with NIR reversed major depression and anxiety. Transcranial NIR laser therapy was investigated

Is It Time to Consider Photobiomodulation As a Drug Equivalent?