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The Special Collection of papers in this issue of Astrobiology provide anoverview of the characteristics and potential for future exploration of theOjos del Salado volcano, located in the Andes Mountains in front of the AtacamaDesert in northern Chile. The main benefits of this site compared with othersare the combination of strong UV radiation, the presence of permafrost, andgeothermal activity within a dry terrain. The interaction between limited snowevents and wind results in snow patches buried under a dry soil surface. Thisleads to ephemeral water streams that only flow duringdaytime hours. On thisvolcano, which has the highest located subsurface temperature monitoringsystems reported to date, seasonal melting of the permafrost is followed byfast percolation events. This is due to the high porosity of these soils. Theresults are landforms that shaped by the strong winds. At this site, boththermal springs and lakes (the latter arising from melting ice) providehabitats for life; a 6480m high lake heated by volcanic activity shows bothwarm and cold sediments that contain a number of different microbial species,including psychrophiles. Where the permafrost melts, thawing ponds have formedat 5900m that is dominated by populations of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria,while in the pond sediments and the permafrost itself Acidobacteria,Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Patescibacteria, Proteobacteria, andVerrucomicrobia are abundant. In turn, fumaroles show the presence ofacidophilic iron-oxidizers and iron-reducing species. In spite of the extremeconditions reported at Ojos del Salado, this site is easily accessible.

Cold, dry, windy, and UV irradiated -- surveying Mars relevant conditions in Ojos del Salado Volcano (Andes Mountains, Chile)