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The haptoglobin (Hp) 2-2 genotype is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes (DM). We recently proposed this increased risk arises from the tethering of redox active hemoglobin (Hb) to high density lipoprotein (HDL), thereby resulting in oxidative modification of HDL. Clinical trials have demonstrated that vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) decreases while vitamin C increases CVD in Hp 2-2 DM individuals. We sought to test the hypothesis that the interaction of alpha-tocopherol or vitamin C on CVD in Hp 2-2 DM was due to their divergent effects on HDL oxidation and function. Vitamin C significantly increased while alpha-tocopherol completely blocked oxidation mediated by glycosylated Hb-Hp 2-2. Vitamin C had no benefit while alpha-tocopherol completely restored HDL function in Hp 2-2 DM mice. Co-administration of vitamin C mitigated the protective effects of alpha-tocopherol on HDL. There exists a pharmacogenomic interaction between vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol and the Hp 2-2 genotype on HDL function and structure. Choosing the correct antioxidant in the correct subset of patients may be critical in order to demonstrate benefit from antioxidant therapy.

Divergent Effects ofα-Tocopherol and Vitamin C on the Generation of Dysfunctional HDL Associated with Diabetes and the Hp 2-2 Genotype