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Groundwater inundation (GWI) is a particularly challenging consequence of sea-level rise (SLR), as it progressively inundates infrastructure located above and below the ground surface. Paths offlooding byGWIdiffer fromother types of SLRflooding (i.e., wave overwash, storm-drain backflow) such that it ismore difficult tomitigate, and thus requires a separate set of highly innovative adaptation strategies tomanage. To spur consideration ofGWI in planning, data-intensive numericalmodeling methods have been developed that produce locally specific visualizations of GWI, though the accessibility of suchmethods is limited by extensive data requirements. Conversely, the hydrostatic (or ‘bathtub’)modeling approach is widely used in adaptation planning owing to easily accessed visualizations (i.e., NOAASLRViewer), yet its capacity to simulate GWIhas never been tested. Given the separate actions necessary tomitigate GWI relative tomarine overwash, this is a significant gap. Herewe compare a simple hydrostaticmodelingmethodwith amore deterministic, dynamic and robust 3Dnumericalmodeling approach to explore the effectiveness of the hydrostaticmethod in simulating equilibrium aquifer effects ofmulti-decadal sea-level rise, and in turnGWI forHonolulu, Hawai’i.We find hydrostaticmodeling in theHonolulu area and likely other settingsmay yield similar results to numericalmodelingwhen referencing the localmean higher-highwater tide datum (generally typical offlood studies). Thesefindings have the potential to spur preliminary understanding ofGWI impacts inmunicipalities that lack the required data to conduct rigorous groundwater-modeling investigations.We note that themethods explored here forHonolulu do not simulate dynamic coastal processes (i.e., coastal erosion, sediment accretion or changes in land cover) and thus aremost appropriately applied to regions that host heavily armored shorelines behindwhich GWI can develop.

environmental research communications

Comparison of a simple hydrostatic and a data-intensive 3D numerical modeling method of simulating sea-level rise induced groundwater inundation for Honolulu, Hawai’i, USA