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Quantum computing is poised to solve practically useful problems which arecomputationally intractable for classical supercomputers. However, the currentgeneration of quantum computers are limited by errors that may only partiallybe mitigated by developing higher-quality qubits. Quantum error correction(QEC) will thus be necessary to ensure fault tolerance. QEC protects thelogical information by cyclically measuring syndrome information about theerrors. An essential part of QEC is the decoder, which uses the syndrome tocompute the likely effect of the errors on the logical degrees of freedom andprovide a tentative correction. The decoder must be accurate, fast enough tokeep pace with the QEC cycle (e.g., on a microsecond timescale forsuperconducting qubits) and with hard real-time system integration to supportlogical operations. As such, real-time decoding is essential to realizefault-tolerant quantum computing and to achieve quantum advantage. In thiswork, we highlight some of the key challenges facing the implementation ofreal-time decoders while providing a succinct summary of the progress to-date.Furthermore, we lay out our perspective for the future development and providea possible roadmap for the field of real-time decoding in the next few years.As the quantum hardware is anticipated to scale up, this perspective articlewill provide a guidance for researchers, focusing on the most pressing issuesin real-time decoding and facilitating the development of solutions acrossquantum and computer science.

Real-Time Decoding for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing: Progress, Challenges and Outlook