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To demonstrate the feasibility of studying the epoch of massive galaxycluster formation in a more systematic manner using current and future galaxysurveys, we report the discovery of a large sample of proto-cluster candidatesin the 1.62 deg^2 COSMOS/UltraVISTA field traced by optical/IR selectedgalaxies using photometric redshifts. By comparing properly smoothed 3D galaxydensity maps of the observations and a set of matched simulations incorporatingthe dominant observational effects (galaxy selection and photometric redshiftuncertainties), we first confirm that the observed ~15 comoving Mpc scalegalaxy clustering is consistent with LCDM models. Using further the relationbetween high-z overdensity and the present day cluster mass calibrated in thesematched simulations, we found 36 candidate structures at 1.6<z<3.1, showingoverdensities consistent with the progenitors of M_z=0 ~10^15 M_sun clusters.Taking into account the significant upward scattering of lower mass structures,the probabilities for the candidates to have at least M_z=0 ~10^14 M_sun are~70%. For each structure, about 15%-40% of photometric galaxy candidates areexpected to be true proto-cluster members that will merge into a cluster-scalehalo by z=0. With solely photometric redshifts, we successfully rediscover twospectroscopically confirmed structures in this field, suggesting that ouralgorithm is robust. This work generates a large sample of uniformly-selectedproto-cluster candidates, providing rich targets for spectroscopic follow-upand subsequent studies of cluster formation. Meanwhile, it demonstrates thepotential for probing early cluster formation with upcoming redshift surveyssuch as the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment and the Subaru PrimeFocus Spectrograph survey.

Discovery of a large number of candidate proto-clusters traced by ~15 Mpc-scale galaxy overdensities in COSMOS