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The existence of 10$^9$ M$_{\odot}$ black holes (BH) in massive galaxies by$z \ sim$ 7 is one of the great unsolved mysteries in cosmological structureformation. One theory argues that they originate from the black holes of PopIII stars at $z \sim$ 20 and then accrete at the Eddington limit down to theepoch of reionization, which requires that they have constant access to richsupplies of fuel. Because early numerical simulations suggested that Pop IIIstars were $\gtrsim$ 100 M$_{\odot}$, the supermassive black hole seedsconsidered up to now were 100 - 300 M$_{\odot}$. However, there is a growingnumerical and observational consensus that some Pop III stars were tens ofsolar masses, not hundreds, and that 20 - 40 M$_{\odot}$ black holes may havebeen much more plentiful at high redshift. However, we find that natal kicksimparted to 20 - 40 M$_{\odot}$ Pop III BHs during formation eject them fromtheir halos and hence their fuel supply, precluding them from Eddington-limitgrowth. Consequently, supermassive black holes are far less likely to form fromlow-mass Pop III stars than from very massive ones.

The Formation of Supermassive Black Holes from Low-Mass Pop III Seeds