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Recently discovered exoplanets on close-in orbits should have surfacetemperatures of 100's to 1000's of K. They are likely tidally locked andsynchronously rotating around their parent stars and, if an atmosphere isabsent, have surface temperature contrasts of many 100's to 1000's K betweenpermanent day and night sides. We investigated the effect of elevated surfacetemperature and strong surface temperature contrasts for Earth-mass planets onthe (i) pattern of mantle convection, (ii) tectonic regime, and (iii) rate anddistribution of partial melting, using numerical simulations of mantleconvection with a composite viscous/pseudo-plastic rheology. Our simulationsindicate that, if a close-in rocky exoplanet lacks an atmosphere toredistribute heat, a >~ 400 K surface temperature contrast can maintain anasymmetric degree 1 pattern of mantle convection in which the surface of theplanet moves preferentially toward subduction zones on the cold night side. Theplanetary surface features a hemispheric dichotomy, with plate-like tectonicson the night side and a continuously evolving mobile lid day side with diffusesurface deformation and vigorous volcanism. If volcanic outgassing establishesan atmosphere and redistributes heat, plate tectonics is globally replaced bydiffuse surface deformation and volcanism accelerates and becomes distributedmore uniformly across the planetary surface.

Mantle Convection, Plate Tectonics, and Volcanism on Hot Exo-Earths