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We present observations of a major outburst at centimeter, millimeter,optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths of the BL Lacertae object AO0235+164. We analyze the timing of multi-waveband variations in the flux andlinear polarization, as well as changes in Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA)images at 7mm with 0.15 milliarcsecond resolution. The association of theevents at different wavebands is confirmed at high statistical significance byprobability arguments and Monte-Carlo simulations. A series of sharp peaks inoptical linear polarization, as well as a pronounced maximum in the 7 mmpolarization of a superluminal jet knot, indicate rapid fluctuations in thedegree of ordering of the magnetic field. These results lead us to concludethat the outburst occurred in the jet both in the quasi-stationary "core" andin the superluminal knot, both parsecs downstream of the supermassive blackhole. We interpret the outburst as a consequence of the propagation of adisturbance, elongated along the line of sight by light-travel time delays,that passes through a standing recollimation shock in the core and propagatesdown the jet to create the superluminal knot. The multi-wavelength light curvesvary together on long time-scales (months/years), but the correspondence ispoorer on shorter time-scales. This, as well as the variability of thepolarization and the dual location of the outburst, agrees with theexpectations of a multi-zone emission model in which turbulence plays a majorrole in modulating the synchrotron and inverse Compton fluxes.

the astrophysical journal. letters

On the Location of the Gamma-ray Emission in the 2008 Outburst in the BL  Lacertae Object AO 0235+164 through Observations across the Electromagnetic  Spectrum