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The agroforestry system in land management has been carried out traditionally by the societies in Moluccas. The practice is known as "Dusung", where one types of the plant which is cultivated is nutmeg. Farmers face numbers of problems, one of it is a system of debt bondage that extremely inflicted a loss upon the farmers. This study aims to explain the involvement of farmers with debt bondage system, namely the tree mortgage system. The method used is a case study, where data collection conducted interviews and participant observation. The data analyzed using principal agent theory. The results showed that nutmeg farmers (principal) have a risk when debt bondage (agent) denied an agreement/moral hazard or act out an agreement. This occurs when agent exploiting the excess of information and nutmeg marketing prospects, which makes the position of farmers weak and disadvantaged. contracts improvement on trees mortgage system and local institutional strengthening is necessary; as it can improve the bargaining position of nutmeg farmers and encourage the preservation of forest resources through sustainable management of nutmeg Dusung.  Keywords: Agroforestry, nutmeg dusung, tree mortgage system, principal agent, debt bondage

Principal agent in tree mortgage system on traditional agroforestry management in Moluccas Indonesia