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Vegetated coastal ecosystems along the Red Sea andArabianGulf coasts of Saudi Arabia thrive in an extremely arid and oligotrophic environment, with high seawater temperatures and salinity. Mangrove, seagrass and saltmarsh ecosystems have been shown to act as efficient sinks of sediment organic carbon, earning these vegetated ecosystems themoniker ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems.However, their role as nitrogen and phosphorus (NandP) sinks remains poorly understood. In this study, we examine the capacity of blue carbon ecosystems to trap and store nitrogen and phosphorous in their sediments in the central Red Sea andArabianGulf.We estimated theN and P stocks (in 0.2m thicksediments) and accumulation rates (for the last century based on Pb and for the lastmillennia based on C) inmangrove, seagrass and saltmarsh sediments from eight locations along the coast of Saudi Arabia (81 cores in total). TheN and P stocks contained in the top 20 cm sediments ranged from 61 g Nm in Red Sea seagrass to 265 gNm in theGulf saltmarshes and from70 g Pm in Red Sea seagrassmeadows andmangroves to 58 g Pm in theGulf saltmarshes. The short-termNandP accumulation rates ranged from0.09mgN cm yr in Red Sea seagrass to 0.38mgN cm yr in Gulfmangrove, and from0.027mg P cm yr in theGulf seagrass to 0.092mg P cm yr in Red Seamangroves. Short-termNandP accumulation rates were up to 10-fold higher than long-term accumulation rates, highlighting increasing sequestration ofN and P over the past century, likely due to anthropogenic activities such as coastal development andwastewater inputs.

Role of vegetated coastal ecosystems as nitrogen and phosphorous filters and sinks in the coasts of Saudi Arabia