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Some actions intended to adapt to climate changemaydomore harm than good, especiallywhen they consume energy,making itmore difficult to shift to decarbonized energy, orwhen, inmeeting theneeds of one groupof people, they increase the vulnerability of others.Heatwave riskprovides a typical example: air conditioning (AC) equipmentmay trigger large energy consumption andworsenoutdoorheat stress. Alternative adaptation strategies exist, but it is not clearwhether they canprevent themassive use ofAC. Here,with an interdisciplinarymodeling platform, takingParis as a case study,we provide afirst quantified analysis of the efficiencyof adaptation strategies (large scale urbangreening, building insulation policy, and generalized behavioral changes inACuse) in reducing future potential ACneed.Wefind that even ambitious strategies donot appear sufficient to totally replaceACand ensure thermal comfort, under amedian climate change scenario. They can, however, reduceACenergyuse byhalf during heat waves andcompensate for theheat released to theoutdoor environment.Our results show that adaptation actions, implemented early,mayplay a key role if we are to remainon a low-carbonpathway.

Early adaptation to heat waves and future reduction of air-conditioning energy use in Paris